Representations of Turkish Immigrants in Turkish-German Cinema: Tevfik Baser’s 40 Square Meters of Germany and Fatih Akin’s Head-On

Author: Ali Nihat Eken
Publisher: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller
Paperback, 80 pages
Language: English
ISBN-10: 363917416X
ISBN-13: 978-3639174168

Since their arrival into Germany in the 1960s, Turkish immigrants have always drawn the attention of filmmakers. The German immigrant cinema of the 1970s and 1980s focused on the harsh living and working conditions of these immigrants; however, it very often depicted immigrants in one-dimensional roles. Since the mid-1990s, however, there has been a change in the portrayals of Turkish immigrants in a new wave of films made by young German-Turkish filmmakers challenging cultural stereotypes about Turks. This book examines one film from the earlier phase of migrant cinema – Tevfik Baser’s 40 Square Meters of Germany (1986) and one film from the most recent phase – Fatih Akin’s Head-On (2004) and aims to demonstrate how Turkish immigrants are represented in these films and whether the cinematic representations of the Turkish immigrants have changed over the years.

To buy the book: Amazon USA / Amazon UK

Turkish Short Fiction in the Classroom:
Study Questions for Sevgi Soysal’s “Hanife”

Sevgi Soysal (1936-1976)
Turkish short story writer and novelist

The questions below are based on the English translation of “Hanife” that first appeared in Southern Humanities Review, Vol. XXVI, no. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 145-152.

The same version is also available in “Short Stories by Turkish Women Writers” (1988, 1994) Translated by Nilüfer Mizanoğlu Reddy.
Publisher: Indiana University Turkish Studies.

1. Comment on Sevgi Soysal’s use of setting in the first paragraph. How does it contribute to our understanding of the story?
2. What is the reason for the emphasis on Hanife’s fists in the first paragraph?
3. What link(s) can you establish between Billie Holiday’s “Strange Fruit” and Hanife as depicted in the first two paragraphs?
4. How does the first paragraph introduce the theme of gender roles? Find other examples of gender roles in the rest of the story.
5. Comment on Sevgi Soysal’s use of narrative voices in “Hanife”. How does the author’s technique affect our understanding of the story?
6. Comment on Sevgi Soysal’s use of “darkness” and “light” in the first two paragraphs.
7. Discuss the significance of guns as depicted in the second paragraph.
8. What is the significance of the old woman’s song?
9. How do women and children react to Hanife’s death? What makes them act in the way they do?
10. Identify how Sevgi Soysal depicts the passing of time in the first three paragraphs.
11. What is the function of the poplar tree in the story?
12. What does “Ahmet Aga” represent in the story?
13. At the end of the fifth paragraph, the narrator says that honor is “like the sky”? Why?
14. What is the significance of Esma’s old shack in the story?
15. Make a list of the adjectives, nouns and noun phrases used for describing Hanife. What do they reveal about the society in which Hanife lives?
16. What is the connection between “land” and “women” in the story?
17. What does the story tell you about women and economic (in)dependence?
18. Do you think that women are the only victims in the story? What about men? Would you call them victims as well?
19. Essay Topic: In “Who is who in contemporary women’s writing” (2001), Jane Eldridge Miller writes that Sevgi Soysal’s characters are “rebels, usually from provincial backgrounds, trying to find solutions to personal problems which are connected to larger social issues” (p. 306). In light of this quotation, discuss whether you would call Hanife a rebel.

© Ali Nihat Eken, İstanbul, June 2009
Useful link: Study Questions for “Bliss”

Study Questions for “The Lottery” (Shirley Jackson, 1948)

1. What is the significance of choosing a small town as the setting for “The Lottery”? How is it described in the opening paragraph of the story? Why is it unnamed?
2. What could be the significance of the summer season for the story? What is the significance of the date “June 27th”? [Suggested text: J. Yarmove's Jackson's "The lottery". Explicator (1994), 52, 242-245]
3. How does Shirley Jackson prepare the reader for the main theme of the story in the second and the third paragraphs? For example, what could be the reason for an emphasis on the name “Delacroix”? What could Bobby Martin’s surname signify? [Suggested reading: Helen E. Nebeker's "The Lottery": Symbolic Tour de Force in American Literature, Mar1974, Vol. 46 Issue 1]
4. What is the symbolic value of the stones?
5. What do Mr. Summers, Mr. Graves and Mr. Martin represent in the story?
6. Discuss the symbolic value of the three legged-stool and the black box?
7. What does Old Man Warner represent in the story?
8. What is the significance of the surname “Hutchinson”?
9. What does the lottery mean to the townspeople in the story? Do they all have the same reaction? Do they question their obedience? Why? Why not? Provide examples.
10. What could be the significance of the 3rd person narration in “The Lottery”? What could be the impact of this on the readers?
11. What does the story reveal about the place of men and women in this small town? Give specific examples from the story
12. What critique of capitalism does the story seem to be offering?
13. What does the story’s title reveal about our everyday lives?
14. What does the story reveal about human nature?
15. What makes the ending of the story so shocking?
16. Identify examples of irony in the story and discuss them.
17. Read Shirley Jackson’s husband Stanley Edgar Hyman’s comment on Jackson and discuss how “The Lottery” reflects the historical context of its times: “Her fierce visions of dissociation and madness, of alienation and withdrawal, of cruelty and terror, have been taken to be personal, even neurotic, fantasies.  Quite the reverse: they are a sensitive and faithful anatomy of our times, fitting symbols for our distressing world of the concentration camp and the Bomb.” [as cited in Joan Wylie Hall's Fallen Eden in Shirley Jackson's The Road Through The Wall, REN, 46.4, Summer 1994, p. 265]

© Ali Nihat Eken, İstanbul, May 2009

Study Questions for Battle Royal (Ralph Ellison, 1952)

1. What is the significance of the first person narration in Ralp Ellison’s “Battle Royal”?
2. Why does the narrator need to first discover that he is an invisible man in order to understand who he is?
3. What is the significance of the grandfather’s dying speech? Why does he call himself a traitor and a spy in the enemy’s country?
4. Comment on the significance of the circus imagery as used in the story. Give examples.
5. In “Battle Royal”, animal imagery is used very often. Identify the references to animals in the story (for example, “lion”, “baboon”, “bird”, “panda”, “cottonmouth”, “wolf”, “crab”, “rat”…) and discuss how they contribute to the story.
6. Examine the references to the “magnificent blonde” in the story. What animal imagery is used in her portrayal? What does she mean to the white audience? What does she mean to the black boys taking part in the battle royal? How do the black boys react to her and why?
7. Examine the narrator’s reactions towards the “magnificent blonde”. Give examples.
8. What is the resemblance between the white female body and the black male bodies as depicted in the story?
9. Why do you think there is always an emphasis on “blindness” in the story? Provide examples.
10. What is the significance of Booker T. Washington in the story?
11. What is the symbolic value of the battle royal?
12. What could be the significance of the smoky atmosphere in the hall where the battle royal takes place?
13. What is the significance of the fight on an electrified rug?
14. How does Ellison’s story challenge the respectability of the white Southern male?
15. At the end of the story, the narrator dreams that he is at a circus with his grandfather: why does the grandfather refuse to laugh at the clowns?
16. Comment on the following quote from the story: “To Whom It May Concern… Keep This Nigger-Boy Running”.
17. What do you think about the ending of the story? To what extent do you think the narrator has gained maturity?
18. Examine the theme of “American Dream” in the story.
19. How does the story define the concept of “success”?

© Ali Nihat Eken, İstanbul, May 2009.
Useful links: Ralph Ellison’s A Party Down At The Square / An Interview with Ellison /

APA Style: How to cite an audio podcast in your references list

The World in Alice Walker’s Eye (2006, April 10). School of Languages. Podcast retrieved http://sl.sabanciuniv.edu/eng/?PodCast/PodCasts.php